The report aims to provide a typical international case study for managers, researchers, and relevant practitioners of MPAs a reference for similar large-scale offshore MPA in setting monitoring plans. 

Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument (PMNM) was established in 2006 and expanded in 2016. It is now the largest contiguous fully protected area in the United States, covering over 1.5 million square kilometers of ocean area. The overarching goal of monitoring at PMNM is to understand and interpret the array of resources within the Monument, and support management decision-making through research on ecosystem processes and responses to natural and anthropogenic disturbances. 

PMNM is a large, offshore, fully protected MPA, where the main pressures are climate change, marine debris, diseases, and non-indigenous species. The monitoring of PMNM has demonstrated that in the global context of climate change and marine pollution, such protected areas can effectively protect important ecosystems and habitats.