According to research using 2012 data, emissions from coal consumption accounted for 62% of primary PM2.5 emissions, 93% of sulfur dioxide emissions, and 70% of NOx emissions in China. At a national level, the use of coal contributed 50%-60% to the annual average PM2.5 concentrations, among which 60% is from direct combustion of coal and 40% is because of emissions from key industries.

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